Notes

* Salvesen Chair of European Institutions, University of Edinburgh. Co-Director of the EUDO Citizenship Observatory.

[1] Case C-135/08 Rottmann v Freistaat Bayern, 2 March 2010. The Court’s judgment and the Advocate General’s Opinion can be obtained in numerous official languages from the search page of the Court of Justice: http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/j_6/.



[2] http://adjudicatingeurope.eu/blog/?p=206.



[3] Since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, ‘Community law’ as such no longer exists. References in older case law to ‘Community law’ should now be read as referring to what is now termed, in an undifferentiated manner, EU law. The latter term is used throughout this Working Paper, except in a direct quote from the case law.



[4] Case C-148/02 Garcia Avello [2003] ECR I-1163.



[5] Case C-369/90 Micheletti [1992] ECR I-4239.



[6] See nn4 and 5 above.



[7] Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585.



[8] Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos [1963] ECR 1.



[9] Case 120/78 Rewe-Zentrale AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon) [1979] ECR 6.



[10] Case C-413/99 Baumbast and R. v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] ECR I-7091.



[11] Case C-184/99 Rudy Grzelczyk v Centre Public d’Aide Sociale d’Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve (CPAS) [2001] ECR-I 6193.



[12] Case C-274/96 Criminal Proceedings against Bickel and Franz [1988] ECR I-7637.



[13] Case C-157/99 Geraets-Smits v Stichting Ziekenfonds [2001] ECR I-5473.



[14] Case C-192/99 The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte: Manjit Kaur [2001] ECR I-1237.



[15] See n5 above.



[16] Case C-94/07 Andrea Raccanelli v Max-Planck-Gedellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV [2008] ECR I-5939, para. 37.



[17] Case C-276/07 Nancy Delay v Università degli Studi di Firenze et al [2008] ECR II-3635.



[18] J. Carens, ‘Citizenship and Civil Society: What Rights for Residents?’, in Hansen, Randall and Weil, Patrick (eds.), Dual Nationality, Social Rights and Federal Citizenship in the U.S. and Europe, New York/Oxford: Randall Books, 2002, 100 at 115.



[19] Case C-200/02 Zhu and Chen v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] ECR I-9925 para. 25.



[20] At para. 23.



[21] D. Kostakopoulou, ‘The European Court of Justice, Member State Autonomy and European Union Citizenship: Conjunctions and Disjunctions’, in de Witte, Bruno and Micklitz, Hans (eds.), The European Court of Justice and the Autonomy of the Member States, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2011 forthcoming. A shorter version is available at http://www.uaces.org/pdf/papers/1002/Kostakopoulou.pdf.



[22] Case C-300/04 Eman and Sevinger [2006] ECR I-8055.



[23] At para. 72 of the judgment.



[24] D. Kochenov, ‘Rounding up the Circle: The Mutation of Member States’ Nationalities under Pressure from EU Citizenship’, EUI RSCAS Working Paper No. 2010/23, http://cadmus.eui.eu/dspace/bitstream/1814/13634/1/RSCAS_2010_23.pdf.



[25] Para. 11 of the Opinion.



[26] Liechtenstein v Guatemala (Nottebohm)1955 ICJ Reports 4, see esp. dissenting Opinions of Justices Klaestad and Read.



[27] Para. 5 of the Opinion in Micheletti, see above n5.



[28] Cases C-402/05 P and C-215/05 P Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2008] ECR I-6351.



[29] C. O’Brien, ‘Social Blind Spots and Monocular Policy Making: The ECJ’s Migrant Worker Model’, (2009) 46 Common Market Law Review, 1107.



[30] See para. 58 of the Rottmann judgment.



[31] See Kochenov above n24.



[32] Para. 55 of the Rottmann judgment.



[33] Para. 51 of the Rottmann judgment.



[34] Case C-210/06 Cartesio [2008] ECR I-9641.



[35] Case C-85/96 Maria Martinez Sala v Freistaat Bayern [1998] ECR-I 2691.



[36] See above n11.



[37] See above n10.



[38] Case C-158/07 Jacqueline Förster v Hoofdirectie van de Informatie Beheer Groep [2008] ECR I-8507.



[39] Case C-123/08 Wolzenburg [2009] ECR I-9621.



[40] Case C-103/08 Arthur Gottwald v Bezirkshauptmannschaft Bregenz [2009] ECR I-9117.



[41] See n4 above.



[42] Case C-499/06 Nerkowska [2008] ECR I-3993.



[43] See above n5.



[44] E.g. S. O’Leary, The Evolving Concept of Community Citizenship, The Hague: Kluwer, 1996, 57-63.



[45] See above n14.



[46] See above n19.



[47] See above n5.



[48] D. Ruzié, Nationalité, Effectivité et Droit Communautaire, Revue Générale de droit International Public 1993, 119.



[49] See above n10.



[50] See above n35.



[51] See above n11.



[52] See above n4.



[53] Case C-209/03 R (Dany Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing and Secretary of State for Education and. Skills [2005] ECR I-2119.



[54] S. Hall,‘Loss of Union Citizenship in Breach of Fundamental Rights’, (1996) 21 European Law Review 488.



[55] C-127/08 Metock [2008] ECR I-6241, para. 3 of the operative part of the judgment.



[56] Metock, para. 73.



[57] See R. de Groot, ‘Invloed van het Unierecht op het nationaliteitsrecht van de Lidstaten: Overwegingen over de Janko Rottmann-beslissing van het Europees Hof van Justitie’, Asiel & Migratierecht 2010, 293-300.



[58] Compare also the remarks made by Shaw on German nationality law. Moreover, she rightly raises the question whether now all decisions on acquisition and loss of nationality have to be reasoned in order not to conflict with EU law. It seems to us that this question needs to be answered in the affirmative which has important consequences for the practice in several Member States of the Union.



[59] Judgment of the Council of State, 18 August 2004, 403.



[60] Council of State, 25 August 2004, 404.



[61] NJ 2007, 501.



[62] Rijkswet 17 June 2010, Staatsblad 2010, 242.



[63] Compare the critical remarks of H.U. Jessurun d’Oliveira in his comment on the decision of the Hoge Raad, 11 October 1985, in Ars Aequi 1986, 225-229 and R. de Groot, Nationaliteit en rechtszekerheid, Den Haag: Boom Juridische Uitgevers, 2008, 44-55.



[64] Case C-34/09, Ruiz Zambrano v. Office national de l’emploi, judgment of 8 March 2011, not yet reported, hereinafter Zambrano.



[65] For a broader range of views, and more extended commentary, on Rottmann, see also T. Konstadinides, ‘La Fraternité Européenne? The Extent of National Competence to Condition the Acquisiton and Loss of Nationality From the Perspective of EU Citizenship’, (2010) 35 European Law Review 401; D. Kochenov, Case Note on Rottmann, (2010) 47 Common Market Law Review 1837; H.U Jesserun d’Oliveira. R. de Groot and A. Seling, ‘Double Case Note: Court of Justice of the European Union: Decision of 2 March 2010, Case C-315/08, Janko Rottman v. Freistaat Bayern Case Note 1 Decoupling Nationality and Union Citizenship? Case Note 2 The Consequences of the Rottmann Judgment on Member State Autonomy – The European Court of Justice's Avant-Gardism in Nationality Matters’, (2011) 7 European Constitutional Law Review 138; R. Morris, ‘European citizenship: cross-border relevance, deliberate fraud and proportionate responses to potential statelessness’, (2011) 17 European Public Law, no. 3, forthcoming. More generally on the interface between EU law and national citizenship law, especially the regulation of dual citizenship, see C. Margiotta and O. Vonk, Nationality Law and European Citizenship. The role of dual nationality, EUI Working Paper, RSCAS 2010/66.



[66] See above n35.



[67] European Parliament and Council Directive 2004/38 on Citizens’ Rights, OJ 2004 L158/77. For a more general discussion of the trajectory of EU citizenship, see J. Shaw, ‘Citizenship: contrasting dynamics at the interface of integration and constitutionalism’, in P. Craig and G. de Búrca (eds.), The Evolution of EU Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2^nd Edition, 2011, 574, esp 584-597.



[68] Grzelczyk above n11at para. 31.



[69] See Eman and Sevinger n22 above.



[70] A. Tryfonidou, Reverse Discrimination in EC Law, The Hague: Kluwer, 2009.



[71] See for example the effects of free movement on migrants from the new Member States: S. Currie, Migration, Work and Citizenship in the Enlarged European Union, Farnham: Ashgate, 2008. Further work on obstacles to the exercise of free movement rights is being carried out at the University of Edinburgh under the aegis of the project ‘Friction and Overlap between EU Free Movement Law and UK Immigration Law’, http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/overlap.



[72] Case C-434/09, McCarthy v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, judgment of 5 May 2011, not yet reported.



[73] See above n4.



[74] See above n19.



[75] See above n55



[76] See above n5.



[77] J. Bhaba, ‘The Citizenship Deficit: on being a citizen child’, (2003) 46 Development 53-59.



[78] C. Sawyer, ‘Not Every Child Matters: the expulsion of British citizens from the UK’, (2006) 14 International Journal of Children's Rights 157–185.



[79] See the cautionary comments comparing the “market” and “constitutional” dimensions of Union citizenship in Shaw above n67,



[80] For a comparative review, see I. Honohan, The Theory and Practice of Ius Soli, EUDO Citizenship Comparative Report, RSCAS EUDO CIT COMP 2010/02, June 2010, http://eudo-citizenship.eu/docs/IusSoli.pdf.